A Comparison of Han China and India Essay

Mauryan/Gupta India from 320 B.C.E. to 550 C.E. had similar as well as different methods of political control with that of Han China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. in the sense that both used culture to justify social inequality supported with the idea of rising in social status and the use of religion to help with political control. The differences were more seen by the twos’ organization in political control as well as the language role in the midst of the civilizations. The differences between the Han and Gupta/Mauryan had been largely attributed to the main sense of political organization when keeping a civilization running. Han China was more organized due to a solid bureaucracy as a solid political system where all people would be told what’s what so there wouldn’t be confusion as to where ideas and laws were going. India on the other hand had regionalism which could go differently for each political system that would be developed. This political method appeared to be the best option for India since the Geography would not permit them a more central and organized political system such as the one that Han China had created. Another political difference involves the use of a language. Han China had the standard language of Mandarin which kept the civilization more together and unified as a whole. India did not have a standard language at all. They did have the use for Sanskrit but this was mainly reserved for the elite only. Again this political method kept India more apart than Han China. Both Han China and Mauryan/Gupta had the idea of a social hierarchy and the achievement of a status on that hierarchy. However the Han had less of a religious route than India in this sense. Han China had a course of study for all students known as the civil service exam. The passing of this exam would ensure and/or determine a student’s position in the government. India would have a religiously political setup where there would be a change in social status through reincarnation. At another point both Han China and India used religion in a way to help their political control. Han china’s political method underwent Confucianism which would allow everyone to have a good picture in their heads of a world that can be unified so as long as they follow their duties and follow an individual sort of role all the while. India had Hinduism as a form of political control. As it became popular under the Guptas, Hinduism was made the main religion which in itself unifies the people under one single religion. Han China was overall stronger when it came to that of political organization and the use of a standard language to keep the people unified. India still kept up similar characteristics with regionalism and Sanskrit but was not as strong. Both still had evened ideas to do with rising in social status and ensuring political control through religion.

A home away from home

Fate simply got me here.. As thrilled as I was at the prospect of finally becoming a university student I was equally depressed for not knowing anybody, I was at a crossroads simply caught in the struggle of finding myself, flung who am I and who I want to be. It was a tough experience I won't Ill yet It was worth It and It still isle Every day Is a new adventure, a day simply never ends without learning something new, meeting a new friend, and coming a better version of myself.You know as a teenager all you are Is a reckless human being that's looking for themselves in this life and well, as for myself, I thought that finding myself would be by traveling to some other country and wandering freely. But I never thought that a university can show you what home truly means. Palestine, peace are all encompassed in my definition of â€Å"home† _ Describing the friends that I have made here are beyond words. Why did I relate this to home? Simply, because some friends are family and mine are truly that.Palestine is all about unity, and Bethlehem university is all about that. You see a Christian setting with a Muslim, studying, talking, laughing, making a lifetimes worth of friendships, and simply living In an atmosphere of both Christian and Muslim students without the judgment or racism because we are one and Palestine is unity and peace. Well, unity is what gets you to peace. What is peace if you have the slightest bits of hatred in your heart? I am a Muslim, but I honestly don't think this matters if you look at it from the concept of humanity.Whether you're Christian, Muslim, Jew or whatever is it that you believe in, it doesn't matter as long as you're a good one, a one with the resemblance of humanity. I'm from Hebrew and yes It takes time to get to university everyday and to get past all the flying checkpoints that you never know when they'll surprise you with, but it's worth the struggle every day. Being a Palestinian student under oppression Isn't easy at all, however I try my best as an Individual to get closer to peace and freedom. And for myself, the only way to get there is education.With education you can do anything you want. You can conquer the world if you set your mind to it. No one can deny what you did for the know I'm Just a student, but if you look at it from another point of view, trifles are what make a change. Life has much yet to give you, you Just got to be patient. For me Bethlehem University is how life is awarding me. It's my home, the place where I feel like myself, the place that I know is my first step to making a change and have myself leaving my footprints in this world. Bethlehem University truly is a place of opportunity. Mira Aimer

How to Select a College Admissions Counselor

In light of the recent admissions scandal, there’s a pervasive belief that using a college admissions counselor is the purview of the rich and famous. However, the truth is that it’s not just actors and actresses who are soliciting the services of counselors. On the contrary, a large percentage of parents from all social strata are hiring private college consultants to assist their children on the college journey. It’s hard to say exactly how many students use the services of college counselors each year. According to a survey conducted by marketing firm Lipman Hearne, 26 percent of students who scored in the 70th percentile or higher on the SAT admitted to using a private college counselor. However, it’s possible that this number is significantly higher, and some students simply don’t feel comfortable admitting seeking help. While dishonest companies like Edge College & Career Network, the business at the center of the admissions scandal, are the exception rather than the rule, it pays to do your homework when selecting a college admissions counselor. Read on to discover what types of admissions counselors are out there, along with questions to ask potential consultants. It’s not just the wealthy who can benefit from college education counselors. On the contrary, these experts help a wide array of high school students gain admission to their dream colleges. In particular, the services are beneficial to those with specific or niche passions, such as athletics or musical theater. Additionally, college counselors can help students identify lesser-known schools that have strong programs in their chosen majors. College counselors also provide valuable services to families of students with learning disabilities and other educational challenges. Along with ensuring students have the appropriate amount of time for SAT and ACT testing, consultants can work with you to identify schools that offer the best and most supportive programs for your teen’s needs and goals. Parents seeking college admissions support for their teens can generally choose between two different options: IECs and consulting firms. Also known as independent educational consultants, IECs help students throughout the application process. Along with supporting students in identifying the best reach, target, and safety schools, they offer information on financial aid and scholarships and provide feedback on admissions essays. In most cases, parents drop their teens off at a local IEC’s office to discuss college admissions questions one on one. This in-person support can help both students and parents feel more confident in the process. However, it’s worth noting that most independent educational consultants work with a very limited group of students with similar profiles. As a result, they might not have the up-to-date information needed to support teens from different backgrounds, races, ethnicities, and religions. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Additionally, independent educational consultants tend to operate with little oversight. Without state or federal agencies looking over their shoulders, some IECs have resorted to less-than-honest practices. This was the case earlier in the month when the U.S. Attorney in the District of Massachusetts brought federal charges against 50 individuals for taking part in a conspiracy to help high schoolers get into elite colleges around the nation. On the other hand, college consulting firms tend to work with a larger group of students, allowing them to utilize the latest data to support a wide range of students from diverse backgrounds. At , we’ve worked with over 10,000 students online, meaning location isn’t a factor in securing aid and we’ve seen a breadth of profiles and decisions. Along with solving college fit issues, firms support teens in selecting the best high school coursework, choosing extracurriculars, and revising their college essays. While IECs mostly work with students who are ready to send out applications, consulting firms, like , know the college journey begins as early as freshman year of high school. So where do you start when choosing an IEC or college consulting firm? The best admissions counselors have prior experience working with students of various backgrounds and profiles.   Because college counseling remains unregulated, students and parents have to do some of their own legwork when choosing a firm. Here are some important questions to ask before selecting a college admissions counselor: Make sure the answer is no to the following: If the answer to either of the last two questions is yes, this company is best avoided. Additionally, teens and their parents should stay away from any firm that offers an acceptance guarantee. The truth is that no reputable admissions counselor can promise to get a student into a particular school, and those who claim to do so may be using unfair, dishonest, or illegal tactics. At , we understand that not every student has access to private school admissions counselors who can walk them through the college application process. With that in mind, we created a program specifically to answer students’ questions about college admissions and help them build robust applicant portfolios. We’ve worked with over 10,000 students and are able to leverage data across all types of profiles and schools. You can meet with us from anywhere. We’re up to date on what is happening in admissions right now at hundreds of schools. We can help you understand your best fit colleges and how to maximize financial aid using data! Whether your goal is to determine which schools to target or boost financial aid, we can help you achieve your goals. To schedule an appointment with our team, call today or contact our College Applications Program online .

Write two pages for discussion forum Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write two pages for discussion forum - Article Example As a result, leadership in nursing also requires a separate set of leadership traits and qualities which must include all those skills and basic activities which take into account the issues relating to the field of nursing. This discussion has been carried out for many decades. Gentry et al., (2012) have contended that if people are born leaders, in that case, it will be very challenging to prove the validity of such claims because there are numerous styles of leadership and each has its own distinctive features or traits. Based on assertion, it can be deduced that leadership can be developed by closely working on those areas of human activity which are normally carried out by leaders. For example, American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2013) has clearly highlighted a set of characteristics highly essential for clinical nurse leaders and they include: determining patient-care delivery and practices and this encompasses collaboration and caring for the patients and critical evaluation of expected outcomes relating to patients; searching out the gaps between expected and actual results and taking essential measures for diminishing the effects of gaps in patient care practices; risk analysis relatin g to patients and their medical and psychological condition; managing and ensuring team leadership along with intra-department and inter-department cooperation ; determining and developing evidence-based practices; using information technology and systems for improving the performance of clinical facilities. In other words, clinical leadership can be developed with a comprehensive clinical education framework. For instance, Curtis et al., (2011) explain that nursing leadership courses should be commenced at the undergraduate level in which nursing leadership, leaders in nursing both theoretical and practical approaches, frameworks and parameters must be taught to the new students entering in the field of

Objectivism and Collectivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Objectivism and Collectivism - Essay Example This has brought about the two philosophies of collectivism and objectivism which can be said to be direct opposites of one another when it comes to the beliefs and practices they promote (Mayhew 56). They do however also maintain a few similarities in certain aspects as well and it is by comparing and contrasting that one is able to identify both the differences and similarities that objectivism and collectivism bring to the table in the discussion of a life well lived. One platform that exhibits both these philosophies clearly is in the book (Mayhew 26) Anthem written by author Ayn Rand in the year 1937 though it was published a year later. In this book the author manages to depict the two philosophies in various scenarios and through various characters within the story that can help one compare the two. It is suggested as a matter of fact that Ayn Rand was the individual who came up with the philosophy of Objectivism so it is no surprise that it is displayed phenomenally in this p iece of literature (Mayhew 154). Objectivism refers to a philosophy that advocates that the purpose of an individual’s life is the discovery of their own happiness and thus morality is achieved in the respect of one’s individual’s rights. Objectivism promotes putting one’s self interest ahead of the pack and the author Ayn Rand describes it as "a philosophy for living on earth" that defines human and worldly nature and thus can be said is established in reality (Mayhew 235).

Healthcare post merger analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Healthcare post merger analysis - Essay Example Consolidation in this industry is essential for its sustainable growth in the long run and to meet the emerging challenges in the industry in terms of huge investment and infrastructural facilities needed to cope up with the increased demand in the society for healthcare services. Evaluation of financial performance Study by Healy, Palepu & Ruback (1990) found that â€Å"The results indicate that merged firms have significant improvements in asset productivity relative to their industries after the merger, leading to higher post-merger operating cash flow returns.† The criteria for evaluating financial performance of the organizations post-merger are multifarious depending upon the type of organization and its objectives. However, in a typical company running on profit basis, return on investment post merger is an important criterion for evaluation of financial performance from the shareholders’ point of view. There are mergers also taking place between for profit and n ot for profit organizations. Financial and operating ratios as performance measures are adopted by the organizations for industry comparison as well as comparison with the historical performance. Of which, the following are the important ratios used for measuring performance in term of profitability. Return on assets : Net Income / Total Assets Return on equity : Net Income / Shareholders’ equity Return on capital employed : Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT)/(Equity + Debt) Similarly, Earnings per Share (EPS), liquidity ratios, Cash flow ratios can be calculated for analysis and comparison. Budgetary analysis as a tool for evaluation will be effective as it reveals variances. This will enable the management to compare actual with the budgeted performance for exploring the reasons for variances and take corrective actions wherever necessary. Kumar (2012) stated â€Å"Between 1985 and 2007, 51 large companies in the industry consolidated into only 10 organizations†¦ they are effective methods of cutting costs.† Reduction in number of employees post merger, legal expenses, management cost and marketing costs are some of the areas where cost cutting is possible in the merged entity. Determinants of financial results post-merger It is important to determine whether or not the merger generated favourable financial results for the organization post merger. Section of Antitrust Law (2003, p.7-8) states â€Å"The size of the geographic will determine the number of competitors in the market, their market shares, and the likelihood of anticompetitive effects. Geographic definition issues have determined the outcome of the majority of hospital merger decisions.† Apart from improvements in operational performance due to synergies created in merger and environmental factors, it is important to note that the method of accounting, for example, purchase or acquisition method adopted for merger or type of financing (equity or debt) the merger has significant impact on the results of the merged organization from investment angle. Therefore, instead of profitability ratios, adopting pretax cash flows and increase or decrease thereof,

Comparison Asian American History Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison Asian American History - Case Study Example    He uses the metaphor of the family picture album, full of old pictures of family members that evoke both good and bad memories. He recognizes that this metaphor can only go so far, since instead of using visual pictures of his subjects and their families, he uses oral accounts taken from a variety of oral sources. Okihiro recognizes that he has â€Å"mixed my metaphors† (95), as he puts it. Instead of being an inferior way to present history as he intimidates, however, it is one of the best way to recount the history of Asian Americans. It is the use of oral history and of autobiography, a common way that the histories of people of color and women have been presented throughout history. Oral history and autobiography have traditionally been used to recount the histories of marginalized and oppressed peoples because they have not been able to access more traditional history. The slave narrative, for example, is one of the earliest forms of American autobiography. As Africa n American scholar Joanne M. Braxton (1986) states, the purpose of the slave narrative was not only to present the oral histories of slaves in America, but as a tool for abolitionists seeking to end slavery. In many cases, the autobiographies of former slaves were accompanied by prefaces written by white abolitionists to provide them with credibility to white readers. Modern African American writers like Maya Angelou and Richard Wright continued the tradition of using autobiography to present their histories. Other minority groups in America have used autobiography and oral histories for similar purposes. This is certainly true of the presentation of the history of Asian Americans. Another common way to present the history of Asian Americans and other minority groups has been to present them in fictionalized forms. This has been done effectively by Milton Mirayama (1998) in his critically acclaimed, beautifully written, and poignant novel, All I Asking for is My Body. Murayama wrote the first draft of the novel while a student at Columbia University. It was first published as a short story entitled â€Å"I’ll Crack Your Head Kotsun† and published in the Arizona Quarterly in 1959. The story became the first chapter of All I Asking for is My Body and was published in 1968, in a Hawaiian anthology. It was not well received at first, but received critical acclaim and became a cult classic when the University of Hawaii published it in 1988 (Kim, 2005). All I Asking for is My Body reads like a classic autobiography. The novel, including the title, is written in modified pidgin, but is readable by non-pidgin speakers. Murayama seems to understand that he is writing more than just a novel, and that he is presenting Japanese culture and what life was like for Japanese immigrants in Hawaii in the years just prior to and during World War II. Consequently, he spends a great deal of time explaining his language use.  Ã‚  

Business - Final Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business - Final Simulation - Essay Example Business Environmental Factors and Business Theory The political factors comprise of the regulations made by the government as well as that of the legal issues. It also states both the formal as well as informal rules and regulations under which the firms need to work. It is the economic factors that have an impact upon the purchasing power of the customers along with the cost of capital of the firm. Social factors tend to impact the needs and the wants of the customers and the size of the potential markets as well. It is the technological factors that minimize barriers to entry and helps to improve the quality of the product. Environmental factors comprise of the weather as well as climate change. Legal factors are associated to the legal environment in which a firm functions (Oxford University Press, 2007). Political turbulence in Libya and Egypt along with unstable environment in the Middle East, have an impact on the price of the oil. Along with this, the President of the USA has developed National Commission on the areas of oil spill in Gulf of Mexico which depicts the intervention of politicians in the business. Tax rates also have an impact on the successful operations of the firm. ... Due to the environmental damages done by the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the brand image of BP has been cracked which may lead to consumers’ reluctance to purchase the product of BP. The consuming patterns of the people in the energy sector are completely changing which is a matter of concern for the long-term sustainability of the company. BP makes use of advanced technologies in order to sustain innovation and to maintain the competitive position in the marketplace. The company is striving to invest and to ensure in low carbon emission from their activities and in the manufacturing of efficient energies. The legal factors also have an impact on BP. When oil spills took place in the Gulf of Mexico, it was noted that new legislations were introduced forcing the company to be more responsible for health along with safety rules. One of the environmental factors impacting the successful operations of BP has been the oil spill disaster that led to negative environmental conse quences such as high carbon emissions. The company is targeting use of low-carbon energy as part of its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities (Pour, 2011). Dependence and Limitation of One Environment on the Other From the above analysis, it is evident that the impact of one business environmental factor tends to have an impact on the other. For instance, in order to avoid any legal and political barriers taking place due to adverse effects of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the company conducted clean-up activities of the oil that came ashore. By doing so, it could prevent the sea from getting polluted (BP Plc, 2011). One environment tends to hinder the other and tends to affect the company’s

Germany Travel and Commerce Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Germany Travel and Commerce - Case Study Example Eight years ago in the domestic German market, they currently account for a good share of the domestic market and growth was steady until the global recession of 2007/08; nevertheless, there was reasonable growth in 2009. Internationally, low-cost carriers’ growth was slow in early years of the last decade; however, in 2003 low-cost carriers services grew rapidly until 2008. Today’s airports have become more than just pure transportation hubs because they are both service and communication centers and places of urban experiences on the cities perimeter. German has various major urban centers that host main airports in the country and the urban centers include Berlin, Dusseldorf, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Munich, and Stuttgart. The main business aviation airports include Schoenefeld Airport in Berlin, DÃ ¼sseldorf Airport in Dusseldorf, Stuttgart Airport in Stuttgart, Hamburg Airport in Hamburg, Frankfurt Airport in Frankfurt and Munich Airport in Munich. DÃ ¼sseldorf Airpor t offers various major airlines to fly into it, which include Turkish Airlines, KLM flights, and Emirates flights. The biggest airlines that use Frankfurt airport include Condor, Turkish Airlines, and Lufthansa flights. In Munich, the largest airlines flying into the city’s airport include Turkish Airlines, KLM flights, and Qatar Airways flights. The various largest airlines flying to Berlin’s airports include KLM flights, British Airways and Turkish Airlines flights; however, other airlines like Brussels Airlines fly into Berlin. Largest airlines flying into Hamburg’s airport include Turkish Airlines, KLM flights, and British Airways. The largest airlines flying to Stuttgart’s airport include Turkish Airlines, KLM flights and British Airways (Skyscanner, 2012). British Airways is owned by International Airlines Group (IAG) and shareholders who have limited liability.

Discussion Question week 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Question week 10 - Essay Example This site became approved after the US FDA audit at Jigani, which is another plant owned by Hikal Limited. The company promised to give all research contracts to Peter Nightingale, who owns Acoris Research Ltd, Pune, India. Nightingale is an expert in the pharmaceutical and other chemical sectors. By giving the research contract to this company, Hikal will offer many job opportunities to Indians. This is because Acoris Research Ltd will use Indians to carry out the research since they know their community well. Local people benefit from local job opportunities since they have strong relations with the communities where they live. When a manufacturing plant becomes established, local people become given first opportunities so that they can accommodate the activities, particularly, when they involve environmental pollution. 3 Some residents who lack enough competence end up working in new plants, since managers lower qualification levels to fill different job positions. Eventually, these employees enhance their job skills and confidence in their fields, which makes other local employers admire them. This, in turn, increases their wages and employability, in the long run. â€Å"Hikal to begin API manufacturing facility operations by June 2012.† Business Standard.com. Last modified November 3 2012.

Monotheistic Religions Essay Example for Free

Monotheistic Religions Essay In what ways is the Holy Land an important site for all three monotheistic faiths? Jerusalem is a home to holy sites that are sacred to the three religions. The city contains many houses of worship. It is also a place of ongoing tensions between religious and ethnic groups. The three major monotheistic religions are sometimes described as branches of the same family tree. If this is true, how would you describe the trunk of the tree? All three major monotheistic religions claim they began with Abraham. Judaism and Christianity claim that their founders descended from Abrahams son Isaac. Islam claims descent through his other son, Ishmael. How are the three major holy books of the monotheistic faiths both similar and different? All three faiths have the similar messages from the Holy Book that there is only one god. For all three faiths they have different names for their Holy Book; Torah, Bible, Qur’an. How are the basic beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike? All three religions only believe in one god. Jews, Christians, and Muslims honor the Ten Commandments. Followers of all three religions practice some type of fasting. Typically all three involve in prayer and worship with other followers. Afterlife is believed by the three religions. All three faiths hold that humans have a soul. What types of internal differences and divisions exist within each religion? Major Jewish sects include Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox. Christianity has many denominations but the largest branches are Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. The Islamic world is largely divided between two major groups, Sunni and Shia Islam. What characteristics and beliefs of the three religions make them different? Each have a different main holy book. Religious leaders are a rabbi, priest/minister/pope/, and imam. Their house of worship also differ.

The Compulsory Process Clause Of The Sixth Amendment Essay Example for Free

The Compulsory Process Clause Of The Sixth Amendment Essay The sixth amendment to the U. S. Constitution guarantees the defendant â€Å"compulsory process. †1 For this provision was ignored, until the Supreme Court gave it life in Washington v. Texas, 388 U. S. 14 (1967). One night, Jackie Washington learned a girl he was dating, Jean Carter, was seeing another boy. Angry, Washington and Charles Fuller got a shotgun and drove to Carter’s house. Leaving others in their car, Washington and Fuller got out, with Washington carrying the shotgun. Moments later, the shotgun was fired, killing Carter’s boyfriend. Fuller and Washington ran to the car, with Fuller now holding the shotgun. Fuller was charged with murder, convicted, and sentenced to 50 years in prison. Texas then brought Washington to trial for murder. At his trial, Washington testified that as he approached the house, he realized that what he was doing was crazy, and decided to go back. Fuller, drunk, grabbed the shotgun, saying he was going to shoot someone. Washington tried to get Fuller to leave, but Fuller insisted on going on. Washington then ran towards the car. He was running away when the shotgun was fired. At the trial, Washington then tried to call Fuller as a witness to corroborate his story, but the prosecution objected. Under a Texas law, if the prosecution had called Fuller as a witness against Washington, he could testify, but Washington was barred from presenting Fuller as a witness. Fuller, who was present in the courtroom, was not allowed to testify. Washington was convicted of murder. Washington appealed, arguing that he had not been accorded his right to compulsory process. Texas responded that Washington had been accorded all compulsory process entitled him to. Because Fuller was in prison at the time of the trial, Washington’s attorney had issued a subpoena to have him appear in court to testify. Texas authorities had complied with the subpoena. They had brought Fuller from the prison to the court, so that he was in the courtroom, though barred from testifying. Texas insisted that this was â€Å"compulsory process. † The Supreme Court ruled unanimously that this was not constitutionally sufficient. Compulsory process would mean little if it gave the defendant only the right to bring to the courtroom persons who could not testify. The Constitution did not make such hollow gestures. For the compulsory process clause to be meaningful, the defendant had to have the right to have his witnesses appear and testify, so that the jury could hear what the witness had to say. Texas justified its rule by arguing that its statute was meant to protect against witnesses who would lie for one another. In this instances, Fuller had been convicted. But what if Fuller had been found not guilty and then in Washington’s trial confessed his own guilt while exonerating Washington. However persuasive this argument seemed, the Court rejected it, insisting that issues of the believability of a witness were for the jury to decide. A rule which denied a defendant a right promised in the Bill of Rights could not stand where it was based on the unproved and unprovable presumption that any given class of defense witnesses were presumed to be unbelievable. If Fuller was such an unbelievable witness if he was testifying for Washington, why was he presumed truthful if testifying against him? The better policy, the Court insisted, the policy which the Constitution required was to allow all witnesses who had relevant and material evidence to testify, letting the jury find the truth. This case, Washington v. Texas, made the concept of compulsory process as guaranteed by the sixth amendment an important part of a modern justice system.

What Causes Wars?

What Causes Wars? When one looks back in history war seems to have always been there as a means of conquering territory, desired resources or simply of demonstrating dominance over another nation. Most people would answer the question â€Å"what causes wars?† the same way. Greed, hate, religion. However, in order to understand the causes of wars one has to observe many other factors that play into the development of international conflict. Nations may regard each other with dislike over religious conflict or different values but this is hardly going to cause them to go to war. In International Relations, a disturbance in the balance of power (Brown, 2005: 99) is often named as the main cause of war. This disruption could be seen as the trigger of international conflict. For the cause of this paper, war shall stand for international war rather than civil war or inner state conflict. In this essay, the causes of wars shall be discussed on different levels. On an individual level, on the level of society but most importantly on an international level. For this purpose, it shall be elaborated on the importance of the balance of power in this context as well as on other theories that seem to be relevant. To observe the causes of war at an individual level requires observing human nature. According to Brown (2005: 104), â€Å"wars occur because of some aspect of human nature†. Man in his nature seems to be violent and bound to inflict harm on his own race. Greed appears to be an essential characteristic of human nature and therefore seems to determine the actions that are taken in order to gain more power than the rival. This all seems to be rather primitive and may sound like caveman behavior. However, in its essential form this behavior is still and will always be part of human nature. The critique that arises when discussing the nature of human beings as a cause of war is the following: can the nature of the individual really reflect accurately on the nature of the group, in this case society? Waltz (as cited in Brown, 2005: 104) called this way of thinking â€Å"reductionist†. One cannot explain â€Å"social phenomena by reference to the nature of individuals† (Brown, 2005: 104). Another aspect to be looked at in this context is that of determ inism. The concept of determinism is The theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes that prelude free will and the possibility that humans could have acted otherwise This theory implies that war is out of man’s control and therefore he cannot be held responsible for it. Determinism implies that every action is predetermined by the causes of nature. Man is simply a play ball controlled by the forces of nature. However, who if not humankind can be held responsible for the occurrence of war? It appears that determinism in connection with war does not seem to be a very appropriate theory. Another aspect that should be looked when considering the causes of wars is that of the nature of societies, economies, and governments. According to Cashman (1993: 124), certain states possess characteristics that make them more likely to go to war than others. Naturally, here too we can find several theories. From a liberal point of view, war is caused by autocratic states, where â€Å"one person possesses unlimited power†( Merriam- Webster’s Online Dictionary). According to autocratic views, wars are caused by democracies. Leninists blame capitalist societies while capitalists see communist societies as the root cause of war. It is a popular belief that democracies do not tend to go to war with other democracies but regularly fight other non-democratic societies (Brown 2003: 104). Liberal theory states that humankind as such is a peace-loving race. Therefore, the behavior of states should follow this characteristic. Democracies, being elected by the citizens of the s tate, act for their nonviolent civilians and for that reason are likely to prevent violent conflicts with other states. This however, does not protect them from being attacked by other non-democratic states. According to this theory, all democratic states are good while all autocratic states are evil and therefore jeopardize world peace. The logical conclusion to this dilemma would be that in order for world peace to prevail, all nations have to be democratic. The solution is provided by isolationists and interventionists in two different ways. While isolationists believe that a reformation of autocratic states into democratic states should be achieved by being a good example to follow, interventionists feel that democratic states have to be actively involved in the process by attacking them if necessary instead of standing by and waiting for the other force to strike. The underlying idea for interventionists would therefore be that war is necessary to create peace (Cashman 1993: 12 6). From an outsiders point of view this theory may seem rather hypocritical. It will however become clearer when one considers the theory of the balance of power, which shall be taken up later on in this essay. So why is it that democracies should be less prone to go to war? Their governments need to â€Å"maintain public support† (Cashman 1993:127). They depend on the voting choices of their citizens and out of fear not to be re-elected, will try to pursue policies, which will satisfy the public. Still, if one actively engages in the study of history and world politics one might find that many democracies actively participate in wars and for this reason, the state system seems to have little effect on the likeliness of the war involvement of a state. Russet and Monsen (as cited in Cashman 1993: 127) claim that size matters. The bigger a state is the more likely it is for this state to conduct war. In R. J. Rummel’s opinion, war involvement depends on the degree of freedom of a state. This is to say that the freer a state is the less likely it is for this state to engage in war, while less libertarian states tend to be more violent (Rummel as quoted in Cashman 1993: 128). However, if one considers the example of the United States, â€Å"The Land of the Free†, Rummel’s theory proofs to be inconsistent. The USA have actively engaged in several wars over the past decades, be it the most recent Iraq war or the war in Vietnam. It remains uncertain whether the amount of freedom a state possesses is correlated to its violent actions or whether it creates more pressure to preserve said liberty. It seems relatively certain that states that have little or nothing in common in their political and cultural attitude are very likely to face each other with aggression. It seems to be, as Cashman (1993: 129) states, â€Å"political distance† that plays an important role. John Hobson, a British economist, held the opinion that it is the economic system of a state that causes wars. The most war prone states seem to be the ones with a capitalist economic system. This is explained by the fact that due to â€Å"overproduction, unequal distribution of economic wealth and under consumption† (Cashman 1993: 130) on the side of the public, the economy is forced to expand to other countries, to invest in foreign markets. However, in a predominantly capitalist world where all foreign markets are already taken, the only way to expand one’s economy beyond one’s own borders is at the cost of other states. In order to expand, a state, democratic or not, would have to go to war. It seems also logical that war is most likely to occur at times of financial distress. Although economic crises did not immediately lead to World War II, unemployment and poverty were certainly a reason for German citizens to feel more inclined towards the notion of trust ing in an ideology that promised to improve their living standard. It is a common belief that war creates jobs, be it due to arms races and the production of other products or the improvement of infrastructure. According to Cashman (1993: 134), war may also be seen as a means of distracting the citizens of a state from internal problems. Whatever causes governments to make this fateful decision, we can be assured that it involves a careful decision-making process at all times and only if the chances of success are high will there be war. As Howard states, wars are never accidental. They always have a political purpose (Howard 1983: 12). War used to be universally accepted as a means to protect or assist allies under attack. In earlier years, it was also used to invade territory when a nation was in need for more space due to overpopulation. This concept played an important role for Germany in World War II. Hitler argued that the German people were in need of more space in order to spread the Arian race. One could argue that Darwin’s survival the fittest theory could be applied here. In order to spread out, one nation, in the case of World War II Germany, has to attack another. The strongest state will survive and impose its power upon others. Another level to be examined is that of the international sphere. Here it shall be observed in which way states as international actors interrelate. The international system is composed of â€Å"sovereign states, organizations of states, international cooperations, and even individuals† (Cashman 1993: 224). It is in a state of anarchy in the sense that an international government does not exist. This and the lack of an authoritarian force that could keep order in the international system are addressed as a problem in International Relations. Certain actions on the side of states will disrupt the equilibrium of the so-called balance of power. According to Brown, such a disruption could occur in the form of one state becoming more powerful than it used to be (Brown 2005: 99) for instance through the increase of its military power. Other states will feel threatened by this and take action to restore the balance. Due to the relative instability of the balance and international ana rchy, states are in constant fear of being attacked and are therefore prepared to defend themselves at all times. This paranoia causes constant suspicion towards every member in the international system. To reduce this fear, they are constantly looking for a possibility to gain power while reducing that of their opponents. As Brown implies, a state’s own security is of the utmost importance. Realist theory in International Relations states that the order of the international system is kept by two institutions: the balance of power and war. War is here seen as a â€Å"conflict resolving mechanism† that is an essential part of the balance of power (Brown 2005: 10). The balance of power can be seen as a system of states as a whole, which is based on sovereignty. Stability can only exist if the opposing forces are in equilibrium. The balance of power can be disturbed if one Power becomes stronger through economic or demographic growth, the increase in military power or through alliance with another state (Brown 2005: 99). If this happens, other states may feel threatened and may feel compelled to defend themselves. In order to keep one nation from gaining more and more power, action has to be taken. States also have the military power at their disposal, which might make them more inclined towards using force against an opposing power. In the international system, war is seen as a means of evening out disruptions in the balance of power. In general, a balance is not desirable for states (Brown 2005: 101) and if there were a guarantee for being successful in international conflict, war would be a very normal occurrence. Nevertheless, states cannot be sure of their success. The price that one might have to pay for such a decision could be far too high. The second best option is therefore to maintain a balance of power and with it peace. To fix one’s opinion on one specific cause of war is impossible. There seem to be many reasons that play together when nations decide to conduct war. Be it human nature, the nature of societies, or even the nature of the international system as an unstable and unpredictable institution. Greed, the hunger for power and fear seem to stretch through all three levels and determine the events in the international system. Political distance and economic problems inside a country can be named as causes as well. War has been, is, and will probably always be a means of gaining power or resources or simply of defending the sovereignty and safety of a nation.

Fredrick Douglass :: essays papers

Fredrick Douglass Fredrick Douglass vs. Gone with the Wind. That’s how I perceived the two pieces of literature, Douglass is writing a true account of what his experience has been in slavery while Gone with the Wind is a fictional production of southern life. Pardon the simile but they are like black and white. Douglass gives a graphic portrayal of his own beatings and being forced to work. The guy didn’t even know when his birthday was, at first I was like big deal, but after I thought about it and that would suck not knowing when you were brought into the world. Not knowing your Mother real well would seriously bite but I loved how in the night she would walk the twelve miles to the plantation just to put her boy to sleep. Very touching. It’s odd for me to think of my Mom dying and not being that sad. Douglass said it was like hearing about a stranger dying. Gone with the Wind was however a completely different story. I look at Scarlet and I’m thinking, â€Å"man what a fox† how could anything bother her? Does she even have a clue as to how terrible slavery really is? She has everything, the house, the clothes, and the influence, everything except for the man of her dreams but hey she eventually gets a piece at the end of the show. I can see why this movie has been around for like fifty years, it’s because it’s what’s people want to believe, what flatters us. I’m guilty of this, I would much rather watch a pretty decent movie about the â€Å"southern dream†: ladies, money and debutantes opposed to almost feeling the sting on my back as I soak up Douglass’s narrative on slavery, sickness and tribulations. Douglass repeats a couple times that literacy is the seat of freedom, I don’t know about that. Sure, you are free to read when possible and write when allowed but that doesn’t deliver you from the bonds of slavery, who cares if you are educated? To a slave owner you are one step closer to an uprising and this in turn makes him punish you even more brutally. I don’t believe its freedom to read. If I was a slave I would be so depressed I think I’d give up and let myself die, I mean it can only get better from here right?

The Poetry of Langston Hughes :: Biography Biographies Essays

The   Poetry of Langston Hughes      Ã‚   Langston Hughes was born at the turn of the century in America.   Hughes spent a rootless childhood moving from place to place with his mother who was separated from his father.   During one year in high school, Hughes spent time with his father in Mexico, a light-skinned man who found an escape from racism in ranching.   With aid from his father, Hughes attended Columbia University, but soon became disgusted with university life and immersed himself in his first love - the poetry and jazz and blues in Harlem.   Hughes supported himself in odd jobs such as nightclub doorman and steward while he traveled to places as remote as West Africa, Italy, and Paris.   During this time Hughes wrote poems that earned him a scholarship to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania.   His first book of verse was published in 1926.   In this work, the rhythmic, lyrical nature of his poetry is evident as is his belief that only by staying connected to their African roots could African Americans find understanding.   We see this in Cross, "My old man died in a fine big house / My ma died in a shack. / I wonder where I'm gonna die, / Being neither white nor black?" (Langston 2).        The poems of Langston Hughes share a relationship in that they most typically depict the African American experience in the midst of an oppressive white mainstream culture.   Some of the poems are strident political protests or social criticism, while other depicts Harlem life including poverty, prejudice, hunger, hopelessness, and other themes.   Hughes tried to maintain an artistic detachment despite his deep emotions with respect to the feelings expressed in his poems.   He tried, though unsuccessfully in some poems, to depict the universal while at the same time specifically using African American issues, themes, and speech.   We see this in color, "Wear it / Like a banner / For the proud - / Not like a shroud" (Langston 2).   We can see in this poem that Hughes' work depicts the universal experience of being ostracized or oppressed for what one cannot change, but we also see it is directly targeting the black experience with such conditions.      Hughes' poems often have a musical rhythm to them, as his lyrics typically rhyme in the ABAB CDCD ABAB CDCD scheme.   The music of Harlem, the spirituals of Negro slaves, and other influences like Walt Whitman and W. The Poetry of Langston Hughes :: Biography Biographies Essays The   Poetry of Langston Hughes      Ã‚   Langston Hughes was born at the turn of the century in America.   Hughes spent a rootless childhood moving from place to place with his mother who was separated from his father.   During one year in high school, Hughes spent time with his father in Mexico, a light-skinned man who found an escape from racism in ranching.   With aid from his father, Hughes attended Columbia University, but soon became disgusted with university life and immersed himself in his first love - the poetry and jazz and blues in Harlem.   Hughes supported himself in odd jobs such as nightclub doorman and steward while he traveled to places as remote as West Africa, Italy, and Paris.   During this time Hughes wrote poems that earned him a scholarship to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania.   His first book of verse was published in 1926.   In this work, the rhythmic, lyrical nature of his poetry is evident as is his belief that only by staying connected to their African roots could African Americans find understanding.   We see this in Cross, "My old man died in a fine big house / My ma died in a shack. / I wonder where I'm gonna die, / Being neither white nor black?" (Langston 2).        The poems of Langston Hughes share a relationship in that they most typically depict the African American experience in the midst of an oppressive white mainstream culture.   Some of the poems are strident political protests or social criticism, while other depicts Harlem life including poverty, prejudice, hunger, hopelessness, and other themes.   Hughes tried to maintain an artistic detachment despite his deep emotions with respect to the feelings expressed in his poems.   He tried, though unsuccessfully in some poems, to depict the universal while at the same time specifically using African American issues, themes, and speech.   We see this in color, "Wear it / Like a banner / For the proud - / Not like a shroud" (Langston 2).   We can see in this poem that Hughes' work depicts the universal experience of being ostracized or oppressed for what one cannot change, but we also see it is directly targeting the black experience with such conditions.      Hughes' poems often have a musical rhythm to them, as his lyrics typically rhyme in the ABAB CDCD ABAB CDCD scheme.   The music of Harlem, the spirituals of Negro slaves, and other influences like Walt Whitman and W.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Religion Essay examples -- Mental Il

Obsessive Disorder and Religion Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) affects up to 2.1% of adults and features pervasive and intrusive thoughts that lead to repetitive uncontrollable behaviors aimed to reduce anxiety (APA, 2000). Further, these thoughts and behaviors impede and disrupt daily living and cause marked distress in the lives of the sufferer. The recurrent thoughts often center on fear of contamination, harming self or others, and illness (Himle, Chatters, Taylor, and Nguyen, 2011). Those who experience the compulsive behaviors associated with OCD report feeling as though they cannot stop or control the urge to perform the compulsive behavior and that the urge is alien or from outside conscious control. Behaviors often involve washing the hands or body, repeatedly checking, and mental acts such as counting and repeated prayers. (Himle, Chatters, Taylor, and Nguyen, 2011) According to Obsessive-Compulsive Working Group (1997, 2001, as cited by Abramowitz, Deacon, Woods, and Tolin, 2004) OCD can be classifi ed into six domains. The domains include inflated responsibility, beliefs about the importance of thoughts, importance of controlling thoughts, overestimation of threats, intolerance of uncertainty, and perfectionism. Inflated responsibility involve excessive feelings of responsibility for actions seen as harmful or failing to take action to prevent harm, whereas the domain of importance of thought involved attributing excessive authority or power to unwanted thoughts and beliefs. Similarly, the importance of controlling thoughts entailed the belief that one should be in control of every thought at all times. The unrealistic belief that unlikely events will always occur and bring with them extreme consequences characte... ...rurinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., & Pargament, K. I. (2009). Community attitudes towards culture-influenced mental illness: Scrupulosity vs. nonreligious OCD among Orthodox Jews. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(8), 949–958. doi:10.1002/jcop.20341 Rosmarin, D. H., Pirutinsky, S., & Siev, J. (2010). Recognition of scrupulosity and non-religious OCD by Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jews. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 930–944. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8.930 Siev, J., Baer, L., & Minichiello, W. E. (2011). Obsessive†compulsive disorder with predominantly scrupulous symptoms: Clinical and religious characteristics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(12), 1188–1196. doi:10.1002/jclp.20843 Yossifova, M., & Loewenthal, K. M. (1999). Religion and the judgment of obsessionality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 2(2), 145–151. doi:10.1080/13674679908406343

Behaviors human

Behavior refers to an individual’s actions or reaction to a stimulus, which may be tangible (object, organism, etc. ) or intangible (thought, sound, smell, etc. ). There are various kinds of behaviors exhibited by human beings. Some are good and acceptable, while others are negative behaviors which could be a result of annoyance, irritability, exasperation and bothersome to a lot of people. The differences in behavior could be attributed to the influence of several factors such as culture, attitudes, values, ethics, and even genetics (Behavior, 2008).Nevertheless, people judge individual’s behavior based on their understanding, culture, norms, and other people’s influence on them. Each and every person has his or her own distinctive behaviors that can irritate, bother, and annoy other people. These types of behaviors can be seen and observed everywhere, such as in school, workplace, shopping malls, and other public places, and even at home. Thus, these unacceptab le, annoying, exasperating, and irritating behaviors can be encountered everywhere and are always inevitable to happen.For instance, in school, students exhibit behaviors that could bother and annoy someone, such as students who cheat during exams, copy homework of another classmate, and talk loudly and endlessly during class. Even teachers also display annoying or bothering behaviors. For example, teachers who give a lot of homework or are too strict could be annoying to some students and could extremely bother them. In the workplace, there are also a lot of unavoidable behaviors that one can display and can bother somebody, such as one’s co-workers or superiors.Behaviors such as constant tardiness, chatting, or talking too much during working hours, and gossiping, among others, could bring negative feelings to someone at work. At home, there could be countless behaviors of family members that can irritate another family member. There are parents, for instance, who are very strict and impose too many rules; there are also siblings who love to tease and bother their other siblings. The behaviors displayed by these people could be bothering or irritating for some family members.Finally, there are also annoying and irritating behaviors that can be observed in public places—behaviors that not only annoy, irritate, and bother someone but could also affect the environment and even the whole world negatively. For instance, throwing garbage or trash in improper places such as the street, cutting trees or illegal logging, dynamite fishing, and other reckless behaviors not only bother and annoy many people, but such behaviors also harm the environment. There are still a lot of negative and unacceptable behaviors that exist today and people exhibit all over the world.These behaviors may bring negative feelings to others, and they can sometimes destroy life. Among these bothering and irritating behaviors, some of them may be tolerable, while others can be i gnored. Behaviors that do not totally affect and hurt me as an individual can be ignored such as burping, eating without regard to proper table manners, and disobeying traffic rules. Furthermore, there are also behaviors that are tolerable, such imposing strict but necessary rules and teasing others. I find these behaviors tolerable because they do not hurt me physically, and I have the control whether I will let myself get affected by it or not.Moreover, some of these annoying behaviors can have good consequences, such as the imposing strict rules. On the other hand, there are just some behaviors that I cannot understand and tolerate at all that they make my blood boil every time I encounter them. First are the behaviors that harm the environment such as smoke belching, running factories that transmit chemicals, cigarette smoking, throwing garbage improperly, vandalizing public walls, and engaging in other illegal activities that can hurt the environment and living beings alike.I f ind these behaviors intolerable as it is not only me that may get affected by the effects of such behaviors, but there might be a lot of people in the world who may suffer and pay for such unbearable behaviors. In conclusion, there are a lot of behaviors that one can exhibit. Regardless of what they know, I think people judge behavior according to their beliefs and preferences. People demonstrate behaviors that may be acceptable or unacceptable for others, but what is deemed as acceptable and unacceptable varies from person to person. Reference Behavior. (2008). Answers. com. Retrieved January 30, 2009 from http://w

Motorcycle Helmet laws Essay

Over the past 30 years, many states have enacted mandatory helmet laws for motorcycle drivers. There have been many states that have rescinded these laws for reasons that may not be known by those most interested – the motorcycle rider him/herself. Currently, less than half of all U. S. states require helmets for motorcycle operators. One who is interested in this topic may wonder how those that are in positions to give the thumbs up or thumbs down regarding these laws make their decision one way or the other. Do they have facts, data and evidence to support their verdicts? Or, are they influenced by stories of horrific motorcycle fatalities recited to them by friends, family, neighbors, coworkers, church members, or acquaintances at the grocery store, garden center and/or the local pub? Could there be a possibility that they might pass a mandatory helmet law due to a knee-jerk reaction to a particularly heinous accident that recently occurred and been covered by television, radio, newspaper and the internet? What are the chances that one of those decision makers was an avid rider who escaped serious injury due to donning a helmet while riding? Those questions might also lead to others, for example, about how much influence lobbyists have when it comes down to the final moments prior to the enactment or veto of a particular bill. Does a lobbyist that is pro-mandatory helmets have more â€Å"clout,† or would, for example, a group of motorcycle drivers have any influence? The typical motorcycle rider and/or the general public most likely has no idea what factors are explored prior to the determination of those who have license to make the decision as to how one should dress if they are heading out on a motorcycle. Despite empirical evidence that supports the use of helmets, avid motorcyclists argue that helmet laws violate the Ninth Amendment, which states, â€Å"no law shall be enacted that regulates the individual’s Motorcycle Helmet Laws 3 freedom to choose his personal actions and mode of dress so long as it does not in any way affect others. † Trends over the past several years have been to review and disseminate accident and other reports written by police and highway patrol officers, hospital workers, witnesses to the scene and road construction workers who may have been at the site at the time of the accident. Figures and findings resulting from the National Highway Safety Act have been accessed. Compilations from states’ motor vehicle divisions and departments of transportation have also been employed extensively to determine if enactment of mandatory helmet laws decreases injuries and deaths from motorcycle crashes. These reports and statistics, however, have not included details regarding factors such as age and/or sex of the driver, style and size of motorcycle, geographical demographics, or the number of months one rides or the time of day that the incident occurred. Published research studies regarding statistics from several states were analyzed for this assignment. Some studies include all states of America, while many others focus on a particular state or group of states. Other types of research reviewed included telephone interviews with motorcyclists, articles by motorcycle groups pertaining to published findings and observations of riders, documenting whether or not they were wearing helmets. This student has a particular interest in this subject as she rides a motorcycle. In the state where she resides (Minnesota) there is no mandatory helmet use law. Unfortunately, she is not aware of the particular reasons that her state has made the decision not to enact this law. Nevertheless, if she were extremely astute, she would have reviewed any statistics regarding her home state. The author is interested in discovering the reasoning that the â€Å"powers that be† chose to allow her to have the freedom Motorcycle Helmet Laws 4 to decide whether or not she will don a helmet prior to embarking on a journey. Her hypotheses as to the reasons are probably so far off base that she would be hesitant to admit them to another. Ultimately, her quest is to evaluate the writings and attempt to discover if mandatory helmet laws do, indeed, decrease injuries and deaths as a result of a motorcycle crash. There are a variety of reasons a motorcycle driver makes the decision as to whether to wear a helmet while riding vs. not wearing one. Some of the factors that influence this decision appear to be age, demographics (urban vs. rural living), and style and size of motorcycle. Other factors involved are where the person is riding (highway, city, side streets, rural areas, etc. ) Weather conditions and time of day (early morning, rush hour, nighttime) also should be taken into consideration. Maneuvering through hundreds of vehicles on the road and the rising or setting sun in one’s eyes have a bearing on how well a driver can see. The incidence of accidents that result in injury and fatality has fluctuated with the enactment and rescinding of mandatory helmet use. The United States federal government has had a vacillating approach to the use of motorcycle helmets since 1967, when the National Highway Safety Act (NHSA) was first passed, which required states to enforce helmet laws or be ineligible for certain funding programs at the state level. By 1976, Congress responded to pressures from individual states and motorcyclist interest groups by revoking the federal authority to assess penalties for non-compliance. Within 4 years after the NHSA was revised, 28 states repealed their mandatory helmet laws. Congress later enacted the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act in 1991, which created incentives for states to enact helmet use; yet by the fall of 1995, Congress lifted sanctions against states lacking helmet law enforcement. This final repeal set the stage for state legislatures to repeal helmet laws entirely. Only Motorcycle Helmet Laws 5 20 states currently require the use of a protective helmet for all motorcycle riders, three states do not require a helmet for any riders, and 27 states require helmet use only under specific conditions. Several studies suggest that injuries and deaths from motorcycle crashes significantly decline after the passing of mandatory helmet laws in a variety of states. Consequently, the impression one perceives is that helmet use is the panacea to obliterating any injuries and deaths from serious motorcycle mishaps. The statistics that are embodied in these studies are Death to Accident Ratios, which compare the number of deaths to the number of related accidents. Limitations of these studies are that many fail to take into account the fact that motorcycle registrations declined upon resolution of the mandatory helmet use. One such study was entitled â€Å"Motorcyclist Deaths Spike as Helmet Laws Loosen. † When one glances at the title of this report, it appears alarming and gives the impression that once a compulsory act is rescinded, anyone that hops on a motorcycle in a state that does not have the helmet law will surely perish. The finer print indicates that southern states are among those with the highest motorcycle death rates. The smallest print, even smaller than the print in the body of the findings (approximately a size 6 font), disclosed that states with a year-round riding season are those that report higher death rates during the year. It takes the findings from a small number of states and proceeds to construe these across the entire country. Consequently, how can this study be proof that motorcycle helmet use decreases injury and death from riding? In the state of Minnesota, for example, in an exemplary year weather-wise, cycle riders have the opportunity to ride for six months out of twelve. In a year where there is an unseasonably long winter, a short spring season and an early beginning for autumn, Minnesotans may have an entire riding season of only three months. Limitations to the majority of studies looked at the findings and drew conclusions Motorcycle Helmet Laws 6 based on the death to accident ratios alone. Very few attempted to delineate the number of months one would be riding, seasonal road conditions or other factors. The use of a causal model distinguished the research methodology of one particular study from other studies. This methodology appealed to this writer, as many factors can influence not only the occurrence of a motorcycle crash, but the resulting predominance or lack of injury and/or death. The causal model considered crash speed, helmet use, alcohol use and other pertinent variables in an attempt to isolate the separate contribution of each determinant of the severity of injury or probability of death. The advantage of this approach was in the ability to estimate the separate effects of several simultaneous and interrelated causes of motorcycle fatalities and injury severities. Previous studies simply divided accident victims into a helmeted group and non-helmeted group. As a result, all differences in fatality rates, injury rates and injury severities between groups were attributed to helmet use. These comparisons failed to consider other differences between helmet users and non-users which influence the probability of death and the severity of injuries. The writer’s hypothesis was that helmeted riders were more risk-averse and thus: (1) had lower pre-crash and thus crash speeds; and (2) were less likely to combine alcohol consumption and driving (Goldstein, 1986). This researcher surmised that the behaviors of riders might make the difference between the probability of fatality and severity of an injury vs. the wearing of a helmet being the deciding factor. A study conducted by the University Medical Center at Brackenridge in Austin, Texas aimed to identify risk factors leading to riding and crashing a motorcycle without a helmet and to compare outcomes of helmeted vs. unhelmeted motorcyclists involved in a motorcycle crash. This retrospective study took place over a 13-year period and employed the analysis of the trauma registry at the medical center. Data was collected regarding pre-injury characteristics such as the use of protective helmet, age, Motorcycle Helmet Laws 7 gender, ethnicity, insurance status, blood alcohol content and whether the patient was the driver or the passenger. Once more, the research conducted (above) delves into the data related to cycle crashes after the fact. And, as the majority of studies that relied on numbers and formulas concluded, unhelmeted riding was associated with more severe injuries, longer hospitalizations, increased mortality and higher hospital charges. The conclusions of this particular report pointed to three basic factors which were a departure from typical research findings. These analysts determined that independent predictors of riding without a helmet included alcohol intoxication, lack of health insurance and riding as a passenger (Brown, 2011). Some of these conclusions make sense and might seem to be obvious. One can easily understand how alcohol consumption would be a risk factor in collisions on motorcycles, as it decreases reaction time and lends itself to disinhibition on many levels. The subject of health insurance led to questions by the author of this paper. How does not having health insurance influence my decision regarding wearing a helmet? Final notations of the writing declare that education and prevention strategies should be targeted at these high-risk populations. It would be intriguing to determine how to locate this particular group to target for education and prevention. What ultimate goal did these researchers have in conducting this study? This student ponders that question and questions the validity of their closing statements. Taken together, the results indicate that mandatory helmet use laws do increase the number of motorcyclists who wear helmets while riding, thus showing a decrease in serious injury and/or fatality. The threat of being ticketed along with the probability of receiving a fine appear to be the determining Motorcycle Helmet Laws 8 factors as to whether or not a rider wears a helmet. The great majority of studies conducted were quantitative in nature and focused primarily on reviewing summaries of statistics from state reports written by various law enforcement officials. The writer of this text deemed that there may have been limitations in these particular summaries. There were several studies that appeared to employ a more qualitative methodology, however, some findings appeared to indicate the possibility of the researcher having some type of stake in the results of the evaluation, such as the project being funded by an entity that drafts insurance rates for motor vehicles. The overall impression of the qualitative results was that those that chose to delve into this issue came to the realization that many factors contribute to the incidence of injury and death caused by motorcycle collisions. It is important to understand that the ultimate decision as to wearing a helmet while riding vs. not wearing one is the burden of the rider and not of the government. Each rider must take into account those mitigating factors that might influence the success or failure of each ride on his or her motorcycle. Motorcycle Helmet Laws 9 References Auman, Kimberly M; Kufera, Joseph A; Ballesteros, Michael F; Smialek, John E; Dischinger, Patricia (2002). Autopsy study of motorcyclist fatalities: The Effect of the 1992 Maryland Helmet Use Law. American Journal of Public Health 92. 8, August 2002: 1352-5. Brown, Carlos V. R. , MD, FACS; Hijl, Kelli, MSC; Bui, Eric, MD; Tips, Gaylen, RN, MSN; Coopwood, Ben, MD, FACS (2010). Risk Factors for Riding and Crashing a Motorcycle Unhelmeted. Department of Surgery, Trauma Services, University Medical Center at Brackenridge, Austin, Texas. Cotton, Paul (1992). Highway Fund Threat Is No Easy Ride For Motorcycle Law Opponents. The Journal of the American Medical Association 268. 3, July 15, 1992, p. 311. Derrick, Allison J; Faucher, Lee D.(2009). Motorcycle Helmets and Rider Safety: A Legislative Crisis. Journal of Public Health Policy30. 2: 226-42. Eustace, Deogratias, P. E. , M. ASCE; Krishna Indupuru, Vamsi, Hovey, Peter (2011). Identification of Risk Facors Associated with Motorcycle-Related Fatalities in Ohio. Journal of Transportation Engineering/July 2011, 120-125. Goldstein, Jonathan P, PhD (2011). The Effect of Motorcycle Helmet Use on the Probability of Fatality and the Severity of Head and Neck Injuries: Highlights of Helmet Effectiveness Study. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 441-446. Copyright  © 2011 Elsevier Inc. Motorcycle Helmet Laws 9 Houston, David J. , PhD; Richardson, Lilliard E, Jr. , PhD (November 2007). Motorcycle Safety and the Repeal of Universal Helmet Laws, American Journal of Public Health, 97. 11, 2063-9. Kraus, Jeff F. , MPH, PhD; Peek, Corinne, MPH; McArthur, David L. , PhD, MPH; Williams, Allan, PhD (1995). The Effect of the 1992 California Motorcycle Helmet Use Law on Motorcycle Crash Fatalities and Injuries. American Journal of Public Health, January 1995, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 96 – 100. McCartt, Ann T. ; Blanar, Laura; Teoh, Eric R. ; Strouse, Laura M. (1994). Overview of Motorcycling in the United States: A National Telephone Survey, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 42, pp. 177-184. O’Neill, James MD; Scott, Charry, RRT; Kissoon, Niranjan, MD; Wludyka, Peter, PHD; Wears, Robert, MD; Luten, Robert, MD (2007). Characteristics of Motorcycle-Related Hospitalizations: Comparing States with Different Helmet Laws. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39, Issue 1, 190-196.

Life of Pi Response

Life of Pi: Reading Response When I began reading ‘Life of Pi’ by Yann Martel I had little expectation it would peak my interest. I expected it to be a boring school assignment that I would have to get through, process the information and put on paper. To my relief, this book was completely the opposite. I must admit, the beginning chapters were quite dry. I would have never chosen in the beginning of a book to mention a sloth, probably the most uninteresting mammal ever. Slowly, the book progresses to where it gives you a little background information on Piscine Patel and his life in India. In part one, I really liked where Mamaji taught Piscine to swim. Looking back it proved to be a very important for Pi’s survival I dislike stories where the hero’s journey is clearly defined anda once weak man overcomes unrealistic circumstances to become a stronger man. That was not the case in this book. I like the realness of the book, especially in the case of Richard Parker. He wasn’t personified in any way really. He was what I think a natural tiger would be given the conditions. What I really enjoyed about this book was the deep thinking it evoked. The author allowed you to come to your own conclusion as to whether the story with the animals or the story with the people was true. Normal logic and reasoning tells you that the story with the people would be right, because the chance of the story with the animals happening is hard to believe. Both stories have the same circumstances and follow the same events. The zebra represents the sailor, the hyena is the cook, the orangutan is the mother and Richard Parker is Pi, but I believe the story with the humans is the true story. I think that the story with the animals was Pi’s way of coping with the reality that his mother was murdered and that he murdered someone as well. I believe the choice that the members of the Ministry of Transport had to make about the stories is a metaphor for religion. Science and many religions all have an explanation for certain events and some seem farfetched, yet they could all be possible. In the end, it’s all up to what you believe, and the way you interpret it.

Case Analysis for Cirque du Soleil Case Essay

1. Describe how the touring show life cycle is supported by IT. While reading the case, you can access Cirque’s website and see actual applications (e.g. casting, ticket sales, and Cirque Club). According to this case, every step of the touring show life cycle is supported by IT. With regard to creation stage, IT plays an important role to improve this process. There is an application whose name is Open Eyes developed by IT. All of Cirque’s employees could access to Cirque’s Intranet and share interesting or surprising discoveries to others. Moreover, sharing this kind of information is significant to Cirque du Soleil because it keeps Cirque du Soleil staying top of the newest artistic rends. With regard to design stage, there are several applications created by IT to make those activities of design stage more effective and convenient. A costume application can save a lot of different measurements to costume patterns for every artist and keep this information in a database. The more important point is that this application connects with other applications to manage diverse sides of costume-making process. With regard to preparation stage, there is a Kin-Cirque application developed by IT to help artists practice reinforce their training experience. Physical fitness specialists could know how every artist’s physical condition develops. In addition, Kin-Cirque application connected with other applications to provide the exact physical measurements and needs of artists to equipment department. Then the equipment department can complete their jobs more easily. With regard to the diffusion of Cirque shows, IT has great influences on improving customer’s experience. There is an official website created by IT. People can access to this website from various parts of world. Especially the online forum where people can find special promotion, press galleries, and employment opportunities and so on was built up by IT. What is more, customers can purchase show tickets, select the seats, get the direction and so forth through an online box office. With regard to logistics stage, an e lectronic document management system and linguistic software are created by IT. They can coordinate and calibrate more than 150000 terms which depict countless equipment used at Cirque. Also they are stored in the Cirque’s databases. In addition, â€Å"IT roadcases† and VoIP technology which help Cirque du Soleil reduce a great  amount of time of touring infrastructure were developed by IT. Finally with regard to resource management, IT is widely applied to increase efficiency. IT developed an application which can assist the casting department to manage the artist bank and projects that could be old one, present one and future one. Applicants could submit their videos or performances via this application to conduct the recruitment process and their application materials would be stored in the databases. And that the Virtual Talent Scout was developed in Sep 2007. The pool of talent was enlarged by the Virtual Talent Scout. This increases Cirque’s abilities to deal with artist injury, increasing demand and accidents. In a word, to a large extent the whole touring show life cycle is supported and ameliorated by IT. 2. What was the level of alignment at Cirque du Soleil in 2008? According to the introduction of the case, the level of alignment at Cirque du Soleil is quite high in 2008.   First of all, the touring IT experts work closely with each other, even they are not in the same location. Everyone in the IT team performed as an integral and can resolve a big problem effectively and corporately. Secondly, there are a lot of servers all over the world. Employees can be easy to access to the applications and communicate with others, company, related department and so on very well. In short, in 2008 people at Cirque du Soleil can work together tightly and complete a great number of successful performances around the world. So it is a very high level of alignment at Cirque du Soleil in 2008. 3. What was the level of tension between the business needs and IT capacity? Through reading the whole case, I think the level of tension between the business needs and IT capacity is low. Because IT has improved the whole touring show life cycle and make the business effectively. Moreover, the most important point is that IT has help Cirque du Soleil to increase its customers and reduce the time of setting up the touring infrastructure which means cost of time. According achievements of IT, I could say there was a low level of tension between the business needs and IT capacity. 4. What are the key requirements, in terms of the IT architecture, of the support provided by IT at Cirque du Soleil? IT group needs to integrate the data from diverse activities. The design, ongoing improvement, growth of business, applications should meet the company’s business requirements. Moreover, IT group needs to do their best to make Cirque du Soleil operate efficiency  through information integration and management. Of course, IT group should maintain the databases and ensure all information is updated.

Personal Bankruptcy and Financial Literacy Essay

Personal Bankruptcy and Financial Literacy - Essay Example The management of the companies should know the implications of the finance to be a successful player in the market. On of the most important measures in the development of the companies is the profit of the company. Therefore, it is imperative for the business to be financially literate. It has become an important subject at individual level after the recession. One of the most important components in the economy is the financial market. Financial Education is needed for the individuals and the organizations in the world to understand the concepts and rationales behind the financial products in the market. They also require recognizing the risks involved with the products so that they can leverage the risk when required. Financial education engulfs education about the financial products and the economy with the help of the charts and the data analysis, which help the companies and the individuals to analyze the market more carefully. (OECD, 26-27). This leads to the development of t he economy in general. The individuals and the companies can take the advantage of a situation in the economy if they are well acquainted with the financial education. After the recession, a major trend in the market was the bankruptcy. The bankruptcy for a company or an individual is a condition when the person or the company is unable to pay the debts. The regulatory authority of the country gives the company or the individual the support to pay off the debts by taking over the assets. (Blum, 337). The importance of bankruptcy has increased in the aftermath of the recession as many companies and individuals took the shelter of the law, as they were unable to pay off the debts. The bankruptcy has a negative effect on the economy of the country in the case of the companies. The companies provide many individuals with jobs and with the closure the unemployment problem rise. However, in the case of the individuals, the bankruptcy

Sex trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Sex trafficking - Research Paper Example With the famine of 1871 in northern China, he sells off Lalu to a brothel and later to a slave merchant travelling to America. This was the turning point in the life of the young girl. This novel guides on this discussion on sex trafficking, giving leads on how victims get lured and evaluating possible solutions in the light of the findings. Indeed, sex trafficking is a solvable act of inhumanity. In this early society, sex trafficking was widely spread across the board. Not even were children spared as Li, the sex trafficker in the novel, traffics children together with her other victims. This comes to light when she quarrels Lalu for not getting the fraudulent customs clearing procedures right, claiming that â€Å"Even children: some of them are only ten, eleven years old. Children† were much better than she was (Gold 95). The cultural beliefs that treated women as objects meant for the pleasure of men, who were believed to have the sole rights to working. This therefore meant that women could be used however men would like to have their pleasure fulfilled. Comparably, Moser (226) cites the US Department of Health and Human Services documenting sex trafficking as the second largest and fastest criminal industry worldwide. Women and children still comprise the majority of victims at about 80%, with two million children estimated to be in the commercial sex trade. Borrowing statistics from the United Nations, the researcher further estimates the market value for this crime at over $32 billion. Before the year 2000, sex trafficking was not prosecuted as a crime in itself but under other crimes such as promotion of prostitution. This points out at the society’s rigidity to appreciating women as an equal gender to their male counterparts. They still considered a woman as an object who should not â€Å"work like a man, a laborer† so that they can pass as marriage-compliant (Gold 356). Having pointed out that sex trafficking still remains

Freedom of Assembly in Hong Kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Freedom of Assembly in Hong Kong - Essay Example This research study examines the restrictions on the right to freedom of assembly in Hong Kong with particular emphasis on the ruling in Leung Kwok Hung and its importance to the rationale for restricting freedom of assembly. A comparative analysis is conducted with reference to Hong Kong’s case law and international jurisprudence relative to freedom of assembly. This study is therefore divided into two main parts. The first part of the paper will examine Hong Kong’s freedom of assembly regime and the second part of the paper will examine the international jurisprudence on freedom of assembly. Hong Kong’s Freedom of Assembly Law Overview The Sino-UK Joint Declaration of 1984 which provided for the transfer of Hong Kong to the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) contained an undertaking to maintain the pre-existing fundamental human rights including freedom of assembly. China implemented the Basic Law 1997 which reflected its undertaking under the Joint Declaration of 1984 to maintain a one country, two system framework with respect to its sovereignty over Hong Kong. This meant that Hong Kong could continue to adhere to the laws in place at the time of the handover. Shortly after the handover of Hong Kong however, China reneged on some of its key guarantees under the Joint Declaration and among its broken promises, announced that there would be restrictions on a number of freedoms including freedom of assembly.... uding freedom of assembly.5 With the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China.6 The SAR government amended and repealed parts of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (BORO) 1997, the Public Order Ordinance and the Societies Ordinance, laws that were previously introduced by the British government prior to the handover to China, in 1992 and 1995. The amended law provides that demonstrations comprised of at least 30 persons must first obtain police approval. Secondly the Public Order Ordinance and the Societies Ordinance stipulate that associations are required to register under the approval of the SAR government in order to obtain legal status. Moreover, national security is the broad basis upon which the police may refuse to permit an association or a demonstration.7 B. Current Law on Freedom of Assembly Essentially, the Basic Law 1997 as promulgated on behalf of the SAR retains for Hong Kong, the fundamental freedoms and rights existing in Hong Kong at the time of the handover to China. As a result the Basic Law and BORO provide the primary methods by which the executive and the legislature exercise their respective authorities. Likewise the two instruments also guarantee Hong Kong residents civil rights protection such as the freedom of association, of assemble, of procession, free speech, free press and freedom of demonstration.8 Freedom of Assembly is provided for in Article 17 of BORO and is characterized as Freedom of Peaceful Assembly. Article 17 provides that: The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security

Make Good CV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Make Good CV - Essay Example To work in an organization where I will be more of an asset, while developing my career in management, and utilizing my experience in organizing people and coordinating organizational processes to completion The main activity included coordinating various departments in order to ensure that all worked in line with the strategic plan. It also included scheduling of hot tapping/ cold tapping activities between Aramco and contractor as well as management of all piping related activities from piping fabrication, installation and pipe stringing and hydro testing. Planning and coordinating the installation and erection of pipe racks, scraper launchers and receiver including all, associated piping works. It also involved coordinating the Installation of the scrapers for both launcher and receiver including its accessories and appurtenances Overseeing the installation of the flow lines coming from well head to headers lines (drain line header, test line header and production line headers for both Arab C oil and Arab D oil) including MOV’S

Product Description Target Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Description Target Market - Assignment Example This discussion declares that  coffee is a renowned drink globally, and most of the consumers range from young teenagers to the old generation. People are addicted to coffee for not only its taste, but also the fact that caffeine is known to escalate the energy levels. It contains a stimulant making it the most popular consumed psychoactive drink in the world. Study shows that coffee burns out fat lowers risk of diseases and that it drastically improves physical performance.  From this paper it is clear that Starbucks has very high chances of opening broader markets globally based on its current activities that motivate its consumers. Notably, being the dominant coffee house globally, Starbucks has been at the verge of has tried to balance its profits with the socially conscious. This has been shown in the manner that they have handled community services. With globalization, one would think that Starbucks has lost touch with individuals in the society. However, they ensure that b efore entering any neighborhood, they have to contribute in their society to earn the trust. This includes helping in community organizations mostly through volunteer jobs. This company participates in fundraisers and other community services meaning that it is contributing by giving back to the society as a way of getting to its consumers.  Other than providing jobs to the society, it has also engaged the youth in community services, which is a great motivation to the society, and a great way to reach the consumers.

Executive Brief on Strategic Planning for a Military Base for Homeland Essay

Executive Brief on Strategic Planning for a Military Base for Homeland Security Class - Essay Example to wane over time, supporting Erik Auf der Heide when he declared that â€Å"interest in disaster preparedness is proportional to the recency and magnitude of the last disaster.† (p. 3) such public attitude has been crucial in national policymaking that determines America’s preparedness for terrorist attacks. When the 9/11 disaster occurred, the public and the government were finally seized with the realization of how important it is to address the issue. This did not come, however, without a price. Hundreds of Americans lost their lives and the impact of the crumbling Twin Towers sent ripples not only economically but also in the psyche of America as a nation. Scholars point to tragedies such as the 9/11 as some catalyst that spur the public and authorities into action. They become opportunities in order to improve the emergency response capability in America. Immediately after the 9/11 incident, the FBI Academy Handbook stressed that in addition to improving capabilit y, there is now a need for an active municipal and citizen involvement to fight terrorism. It stressed that these stakeholders are the in the frontlines in the on-going battle, being the first to be affected and the first to respond in cases of terrorist attacks. (IBP 2002, p. 48) For this purpose, there is now a concerted effort to improve municipal capabilities and resources to address the terrorist problem. The Office of the Homeland Security leads these efforts. This brief outlines the program that has been set in place in Carroll County as part of its role in the national strategy for terrorist threat preparedness. One of the most important of the county’s goal is to ensure that the Fire and EMS departments are integrated and coordinated to effectively carry out the responsibilities assigned by Homeland Security. Currently, the EMS and the fire departments in Carroll County work in a loosely coordinated system and mostly staffed by volunteers. The landscape is a primarily a consequence of

Perception of quality of care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perception of quality of care - Research Paper Example Therefore, incentive payments or penalties to inpatient hospital care will be based partly on these results of these satisfaction surveys. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) is a national survey that is standardized and publicly reported on patient’s perception of hospital care. HCAHPS is used as an instrument to collect data in an organized manner (HCAHPS, 2012). The HCAHPS survey is administered to a random sample of hospitalized patients between 2 days and 1 Â ½ months after discharge. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if nurses perceive the HCAHPS scores to be an accurate instrument in capturing the quality of patient care. Also, the researcher will review what variables affect patient satisfaction in the hospital setting as well as look at the nurse’s point of view on quality of care. The participants in the proposed study will include nurses that work on the telemetry, medical surgical, progressive cardiac unit, clinical transition unit, PACU and surgical recovery unit. Years of experience will range from novice to expert nurse, which includes one month to 25 or more years of nursing experience. Male and female nurse will both be given opportunity to complete the survey. A diversity of nurses work for the current hospital and so the demographic details will be obtained during the survey. Clinical Nurses at this facility education level range from diploma to MSN prepared nurses. Many of the associated prepared nurses are currently in school studying for their BSN. The research anticipates at least 50 nurses to participate in the study with 30 participants being randomly picked. Inclusion criteria will be any nurse with a least one month of experience that has discharged a patient to home. Exclusion will be nurse that don’t work in a clinical setting, have less than one month of experience or have never discharged a patient to home. The researcher has an eight year work

Within the Context of the Boundaryless Career Critically Analyse the Coursework - 1

Within the Context of the Boundaryless Career Critically Analyse the Challanges Faced by Graduate in a Volatile Global Economy - Coursework Example The theoretical underpinnings of the concept are explored along with criticisms meted out since its conception. Additionally, it looks at how globalisation has impacted the traditional organisation in such a way that organisations are now operating not only outside of their physical location but are moving aspects of their operations to other locations. Furthermore, it points to the increasing need of graduates to be well rounded and be given the skills and knowledge required for them to be able to think outside of the box as well as for them to be able to apply themselves in any given situation. Theoretical Perspective The notion of the boundaryless career was introduced by Arthur (1994) and has become a very popular concept (Pringle and Mallon 2006, p. 839). According to Arthur et al (qtd. in Arthur and Rousseau 1996, p. 4) the term career refers to â€Å"the unfolding sequence of a person’s work experiences over time.† This definition indicates the importance of time . It impacts â€Å"employment stability; skills and experience gained; relationships nurtured; and opportunities encountered† Arthur and Rousseau (1996). According to Sullivan (1999, p. 457) the way we view career has changed significantly. It is tradition that the careers of most individuals will evolve within the context of one or two organisations. ... This is in stark contrast to the boundaryless career where skills are transferable (see Appendix). Arthur (1994, p. 296) points out that boundaryless career is the opposite of organisational or bounded careers. Pringle and Mallon (2006, p. 841) indicates that this concept was developed to distinguish itself from the ‘bounded’ – organisational career and therefore ‘to avoid the subordination of the meaning of careers’ to that which is represented in larger and more stable firms. DeFillippi and Arthur (1996, p. 116) defines boundaryless career as â€Å"sequences of job opportunities that goes beyond the boundaries of a single employment settings.† This thinking relates to and is in response to the changing economic context at the time and appears to be in keeping with some of the tenets of globalisation which is a critical factor in the challenges affecting the traditional organisational career. However, globalisation is about interdependence whi ch would invalidate the independence assumption of the boundaryless career. Therefore, Tam and Arthur (2010) indicates that the relevance of this concept â€Å"will depend on its openness to the challenges of careers within the inherently dynamic, uncertain, and complex arena of an interdependent global economy†. Sullivan (1999) points to some important characteristics of boundaryless career when compared with traditional careers - see Appendix. As organisations make changes careers are affected. The quest for increasing profitability and in some cases, mere survival, has led firms to move certain aspects of their business to other countries and this means that jobs are also moving with them. This therefore supports the changes that will inevitably lead to boundaryless careers. According to Brown et al (2006, p.5)